Wednesday, March 08, 2006
Ekonomi Nobel Ödülleri
Alfred Nobel:Isvec'li kimyaci (Stockholm 1833-San remo 1896). Ogrenimini Petersburg'da yapti, 1859'da Stockholm'e dondu.1863'de Stockholm yakinlarinda, Heleneborg'da bulunan kucuk bir laboratuvarda cok az miktarda nitrogilserin uretmeye basladi; ancak bu laboratuvar birkac ay sonra bir patlamayla yikildi ve kardesi Emil oldu. 1865'de Vinterviken'de (Isvec), daha sonra da Hamburg yakinlarinda, Krummel'de yeni fabrikalar kurdu. Bu arada patlayicilari inceledi ve 1864'de nitrogliserinin patlamasinin civa fülminatla baslatilabilecegini kesfetti. Bu sirada uc birim agirlikta nitrogliserini, bir birim agirlikta toz haline getirilmis komur yada kizelgur gibi gozenekli bir maddeye emdirebilecegini dusundu; sivi nitrogliserinden daha kullanisli ve daha az tehlikeli olan bu patlayici karisima "dinamit barutu" adini verdi.1875'de, nitrogliserini nitrat pamuguna emdirerek dinamit lokumunu yapti.1887'de, "dumansiz barut" adini verdigi ve esit miktarlarda nitrogliserinle nitroseluloz karisiminden olusan, itici bir barut buldu. Birkac yil sonra kordit adli patlayici madde konusunda ingiliz hükümeti aleyhine dava acti, ancak davayi kaybetti. 1873'ten sonra hemen hemen tumuyle Paris'e yerlesen Nobel, 1881'de Sevran'da bir laboratuvar kurdu ve barutlar uzerine calismalarini burada surdurdu. 1890'da laboratuvarini San Remo'ya tasidi. Bir vasiyetle, hemen hemen tum servetini yilda bes odul verilmesi icin birakti. Alfred Nobel'in vasiyeti uzerine kurulan bu odullerin sayisi baslangicta besti (fizik, kimya, psikoloji ve tip, edebiyat, baris). 1968'de Isvec Bankasi Alfred Nobel'in anisina bir "ekonomi odulu" ihdas etti. Fizik, kimya ve ekonomi dalindaki Nobel Odulleri Isvec Bilimler Akademisi, psikoloji ve tip dalindaki odul Stockholm Karolin Enstitusu, edebiyat odulu Stockholm Akademisi, Nobel baris odulu ise Norvec Storling'inin sectigi bes kisilik bir komisyon tarafindan verilir.NOBEL EKONOMİ ÖDÜLLERİ1969Ragnar Frisch (Norwegian) and Jan Tinbergen (Dutch) for their work in econometrics, a method of analyzing economic activity.1970Paul A. Samuelson (American) for raising the level of scientific analysis in economic theory.1971Simon Kuznets (American) for his interpretation of economic growth.1972Kenneth J. Arrow (American) and Sir John Hicks (British) for their pioneering contribution to general equilibrium theory and to welfare theory.1973Wassily Leontief (American) for his development of the input-output method of economic analysis.1974Friedrich von Hayek (Austrian) and Gunnar Myrdal (Swedish) for their work in the theory of money and economic change and in the relationship between economic and social factors.1975Leonid V. Kantorovich (Soviet) and Tjalling C. Koopmans (American) for their work on how economic resources should be distributed and used.1976Milton Friedman (American) for his work in the fields of economic consumption, monetary history and theory, and price stabilization policy.1977James Meade (British) and Bertil Ohlin (Swedish) for their studies of international trade and finance.1978Herbert A. Simon (American) for his research on the decision-making process in business.1979Sir Arthur Lewis (St. Lucian-born) and Theodore W. Schultz (American) for their research into the economic problems of developing countries.1980Lawrence R. Klein (American) for using econometric models to analyze economic policies and the rise and fall in business activity.1981James Tobin (American) for his analyses of financial markets and their effect on how businesses and families spend and save money.1982George Stigler (American) for his research on industrial organization, markets, and regulation.1983Gerard Debreu (American) for his development of a mathematical model that proved the theory of supply and demand.1984Sir Richard Stone (British) for developing methods of measuring the performance of national economies.1985Franco Modigliani (American) for his theories on personal savings and financial markets.1986James M. Buchanan (American) for developing methods of analyzing the decision-making process in government.1987Robert Solow (American) for developing a mathematical model that identified technology as the dominant factor in long-term economic growth.1988Maurice Allais (French) for his theories on economic markets and the efficient use of resources.1989Trygve Haavelmo (Norwegian) for his development of statistical techniques that led to the creation of mathematical models used in making economic predictions.1990Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, and William F. Sharpe (American) for their theories in corporate finance.1991Ronald H. Coase (British-born) for his theories on the economic importance of property rights and of the costs of carrying out business transactions.1992Gary S. Becker (American) for extending economic theory to aspects of behavior that previously had been dealt with only by such fields as sociology and criminology.1993Robert W. Fogel and Douglass C. North (American) for their work in economic history.1994John F. Nash (American), John C. Harsanyi (American), and Reinhard Selten (German) for their work in game theory.1995Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (American), for his analysis of the impact of government economic policies on the economic decisions of individuals.1996William S. Vickrey (American) and James A. Mirrlees (British) for their contributions to the economic theory of incentives.1997Merton, Robert C, (U.S.A) Scholes, Myron S."for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"1998Amartya Sen, (India) "for his contributions to welfare economics"1999Robert A. Mundell "for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas"
# posted by ekonomist @ 7:07 AM 
